In the beginning of 2019, Indian Railway announced four major recruitment one of which was for Railway Recruitment Cells (RRCs). The RRC recruitment also happened to be the one with most number of vacancies - over 1 lakh vacancies. The recruitment announcement will soon complete a year with no update on the examination date.
On February 23, 2019, Indian Railway announced 1,03,769 Level 1 vacancies of 7th CPC Pay Matrix, also popularly known as Group D vacancies. As per the official notice, the computer-based test (CBT) which was to be a screening test was tentatively scheduled in September-October 2019. Sticking to its schedule, Indian Railway, through Regional Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs), released application status for all the candidates who had applied for the RRB Group D recruitment.
However, several candidates claimed that there application was rejected despite adhering to the application guidelines. As a result, RRBs began the tedious process of accepting objection from candidates who claimed their application had been rejected without any reason. The process to receive objections and then to rectify the application status was completed by the first week of September.
After September 2019, there has been no further update about RRB Group D recruitment.
The RRB Group D selection process is a time-taking process. The selection process for group D posts includes a preliminary Computer-Based Test (CBT) which will be objective in nature. Candidates qualifying in the CBT will be called for a Physical Efficiency Test (PET). Document Verification (DV) and Medical Examination will be held for those who qualify in PET.
What will be the RRB NTPC exam date? And When will the RRB NTPC admit card be released? These two questions are still hot. But as the Railway Recruitment Boards are providing any info on either topic, both candidates as well as media are moving their discussion on related issues. The latest being, the fee collected by railways through RRB CEN 01/2019 Non Technical Popular Categories recruitment application forms.
RRB NTPC Exam Date And Fee Collected – Topic Of Discussion
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Before starting on the matter, it should be clarified that there is no direct connection between declaration of exam date of RRB NTPC 2019-2020 CBT 1, and the fee amounts. However speculations are ripe on the massive fee amount.
First, the data.
The application fee for RRB NTPC CEN 01/2019 was Rs 500 for unreserved candidates. And it was Rs 250 for PWBD, female, transgender, ex-servicemen, SC, ST, minority, EBC.
And the number of candidates who have applied for NTPC recruitment is exactly 1,26,30,885 (one crore, twenty six lakh, thirty thousand, eight hundred and eighty five).
Now coming to the total fee received by Railways
Total fee = Number of UR applicants x Fee for UR + Number of Reserved Category applicants x Fee for Reserved Category
But there is no exact data on the number of UR applicants, and number of reserved category applicants.
However, this matrix given below will tell you that depending on the percentage of UR candidates, the fee collected is between 315 crores to 631 crores.
As you can see from this calculation, if only reserved category candidates had applied, then the fee collected was 315 crore rupees. And if only unreserved category candidates had applied, then the fee was 631 crore rupees.
Nevertheless it is not possible that only UR or only reserved had applied. The division should be between 40%-60% to 60%-40%.
So a more feasible estimate is that the fee collected was between 442 crore rupees and 505 crore rupees.
This is a one time fee taken by RRBs. No fee will be charged for CBT 2, or further rounds of the exam. All candidates had to pay their fee in order to submit the application form. The fee will not be refunded in case of rejection of forms.
Railways will refund the fee of unreserved category candidates
The RRB Centralized Employment Notice 01/2019 states on page 10, “This fee of Rs 250 shall be refunded duly deducting bank charges as applicable on appearing in 1st Stage CBT.”
Thus, candidates who PWBD, female, transgender, ex-servicemen, SC, ST, minority, EBC categories will get back a part of the fee they had paid, if they appear in the exam.
There is no clear cut reason as to why the discussion on fee amount has arisen now, so many days after the forms closed. However on social media candidates have raised one common point.
According to candidates, the massive amount of fee collected should be used to organize the exam at the earliest. Even though individual fee amount may seem small, overall the fee amount is huge and such a large amount should be utilised for the welfare of the government job seekers rather than staying deposited in the bank, they say.
On one hand, the discussion by tired and waiting job aspirants stands. On the other hand, it has to be noted that Indian Railways will organize exam for 1.26 crore candidates
Exactly 1,26,30,885 have applied for the exam. And thus tests will be held for all of them (except the rejected candidates) on the RRB NTPC exam date that will be decided.
In fact, the fee plus amount allocated to the boards for conduct of exams, will have to be utilized for the following
RRB NTPC CBT 1 for which 1.26 crore will appear
RRB NTPC CBT 2 for 7 lakh candidates
Skill tests for 2.8 lakh candidates
However various aspects of Railway Recruitment will keep coming in the spotlight until RRB NTPC exam date, and RRB NTPC admit card are announced and released. Candidates are advised to focus on their preparation at this point, as only 7 lakh out of 1.26 crore will be qualified and thus competition is tough.
TNPSC (Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission) has increased the vacancies of the TNPSC Group 4 Exam 2019 from 9398 Vacancies to 9882 Vacancies.
TNPSC has already increased the vacancies announced in the official notification from 6491 Vacancies to 9398 Vacancies.
The Phase I Exam of the TNPSC Group 4 Exam 2019 happened on 1st September 2019 and the results were released soon in a record number of days after the commission has released the official answer key of the TNPSC Group 4 2019in the commission’s website.
There were recent allegations against the commission as there were reports of the scam in the recently ended TNPSC Group 4 2019 and then the investigation led to more scams in the previous exams.
Stung by one scam after another in the recruitments held in recent times, the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission (TNPSC) has ordered an internal inquiry to identify employees who connived with the suspects who took money from candidates.
TNPSC Group 4 2019 – Vacancies Increased AGAIN
The vacancies notified vide Notification No. 19/2019, dated 14.06.2019 for direct recruitment to the posts included in Combined Civil Services Examination- IV (Group-IV Services) for the estimate years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 is again revised as follows:
Sl. No.
Name of the Post
No. of vacancies Notified
Revised vacancies notified vide addendum dated 25.11.2019
Re-revised vacancies as on 07.02.2020
1
Village Administrative Officer
397
607
608
2
Junior Assistant (Non-Security)
2688
4558
4894
3
Junior Assistant (Security)
104
4
Bill Collector, Grade-I
34
5
Typist
1901
2734
2840
6
Steno-Typist Grade-III
784
994
1035
7
Field Surveyor
509
505
505
8
Draftsman
Total
74
6491-74= 6417
Nil
(Vacancies withdrawn) 9398
–
9882
The total number of vacancies may be read as ‘9882’.
Note: The vacancies are subject to modification in view of any increase/ decrease in vacancies received from the HOD/Unit Officers.
All other details and conditions stipulated in the notification No.19/2019, dated 14.06.2019 will remain unchanged and will apply to the applicants.
Check the Official Notification of the TNPSC Group 4 2019 – Vacancies Increased from the official website of TNPSC or from the link that is provided below.
This type of poem comes from Italy, and translates to “third rhyme.” You might be familiar with poetry that is made up of four lines at a time, but a terza rima only has three lines grouped together at once. Experimenting with writing terza rima poetry will help you discover a new and exciting way to write your life story. Here are some tips to get you started:
About: A terza rima poem can be about anything you want, but usually it tells a story. Of course, it takes more than one poem to tell your whole life story, but try to think of one part of yourself- your favorite part of your personality, or a memorable event that you took part in, for example-to use as the basis of the poem.
Flexibility: The great thing about a terza rima poem is that there is no limit to how many groups of lines there need to be! Since “terza” (three) is in the title, you have to start with three lines, but you can choose to end the poem there, or use as many stanzas (groups of lines) as you need to tell your story.
Three: Since there are only three lines in each stanza and each group of lines tells a small part of the bigger story, make sure that you can fit a complete idea into the words you use in each stanza. This way, the poem will make more sense to the reader, and it will help you along the way to organize your ideas.
Rhyming: The rhyme scheme for a terza rima poem is a little tricky, but try it a few times, and you’ll get the hang of it in no time! Most of the time, rhyming poems will have stanzas where every other line rhymes, or every two lines rhyme. In a terza rima poem, the first and third lines of a stanza rhyme, but the first line of the next stanza rhymes with the second line of the stanza before it. So, your stanzas would look like A-B-A, B-C-B, C-D-C, and so on, with each letter representing the rhyming words.
Ending: Going back to the flexibility of this type of poem, there are a few different ways you can choose to end your terza rima poem. One way is to simply end it with the last stanza. Another way is to add a couplet, which is a set of two lines which rhyme. Or, you can choose to add one extra line that stands alone to conclude your story. Try writing more than one terza rima, and experimenting with ending them in all different ways!
Power Poetry: Go crazy with your terza rima poems! Maybe you can make a bunch of short ones and hand them out to your friends, or write a longer one and send it as a letter to someone! Whatever you choose to do with your terza rima, don’t forget to post it to PowerPoetry.org so everyone can enjoy it!
This article is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature of England, so that it includes writers from Scotland, Wales, the Crown dependencies, and the whole of Ireland, as well as literature in English from countries of the former British Empire, including the United States. However, until the early 19th century, it only deals with the literature of the United Kingdom, the Crown dependencies and Ireland. It does not include literature written in the other languages of Britain.
The English language has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years.[1] The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century, are called Old English. Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English, and has achieved national epic status in England, despite being set in Scandinavia. However, following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the written form of the Anglo-Saxon language became less common. Under the influence of the new aristocracy, French became the standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society.[2] The English spoken after the Normans came is known as Middle English. This form of English lasted until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard (late Middle English), a London-based form of English, became widespread. Geoffrey Chaucer (1343 – 1400), author of The Canterbury Tales, was a significant figure in the development of the legitimacy of vernacular Middle English at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were still French and Latin. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in 1439 also helped to standardise the language, as did the King James Bible (1611),[3] and the Great Vowel Shift.[4]
Poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and one of the world's greatest dramatists.[5][6][7] His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.[8] In the nineteenth century Sir Walter Scott's historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe.[9]
The English language spread throughout the world with the development of the British Empire between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history.[10] By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the world population at the time,[11] During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries these colonies and the USA started to produce their own significant literary traditions in English. And in the last hundred plus years numerous writers from Great Britain, the island of Ireland, the USA, and members of other former British colonies have received the Nobel Prize for works in the English language.
Old English literature (c. 450–1066)
Old English literature, or Anglo-Saxon literature, encompasses the surviving literature written in Old English in Anglo-Saxon England, in the period after the settlement of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes in England (Jutes and the Angles) c. 450, after the withdrawal of the Romans, and "ending soon after the Norman Conquest" in 1066.[12] These works include genres such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles and riddles.[13] In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period.[13]
Widsith, which appears in the Exeter Book of the late 10th century, gives a list of kings of tribes ordered according to their popularity and impact on history, with Attila King of the Huns coming first, followed by Eormanric of the Ostrogoths.[14]:187 It may also be the oldest extant work that tells the Battle of the Goths and Huns, which is also told in such later Scandinavian works as Hervarar's sagaand Gesta Danorum.[14]:179Lotte Hedeager argues that the work is far older, however, and that it likely dates back to the late 6th or early 7th century, citing the author's knowledge of historical details and accuracy as proof of its authenticity.[14]:184–86 She does note, however, that some authors, such as John Niles, have argued the work was invented in the 10th century.[14]:181–84
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, from the 9th century, that chronicle is the history of the Anglo-Saxons.[15] The poem Battle of Maldon also deals with history. This is a work of uncertain date, celebrating the Battle of Maldon of 991, at which the Anglo-Saxons failed to prevent a Viking invasion.[16]
Oral tradition was very strong in early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed.[17][18]Epic poems were very popular, and some, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day. Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English, and has achieved national epic status in England, despite being set in Scandinavia. The only surviving manuscript is the Nowell Codex, the precise date of which is debated, but most estimates place it close to the year 1000. Beowulf is the conventional title,[19] and its composition is dated between the 8th[20][21] and the early 11th century.[22]
Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous: twelve are known by name from medieval sources, but only four of those are known by their vernacular works with any certainty: Cædmon, Bede, Alfred the Great, and Cynewulf. Cædmon is the earliest English poet whose name is known,[23][pages needed] and his only known surviving work Cædmon's Hymn probably dates from the late 7th century. The poem is one of the earliest attested examples of Old English and is, with the runicRuthwell Cross and Franks Casket inscriptions, one of three candidates for the earliest attested example of Old English poetry. It is also one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in a Germanic language. The poem, The Dream of the Rood, was inscribed upon the Ruthwell Cross.[23][pages needed]
Two Old English poems from the late 10th century are The Wanderer and The Seafarer. [24] Both have a religious theme, and Richard Marsden describes The Seafarer as "an exhortatory and didactic poem, in which the miseries of winter seafaring are used as a metaphor for the challenge faced by the committed Christian […]".[25]
Classical antiquity was not forgotten in Anglo-Saxon England, and several Old English poems are adaptations of late classical philosophical texts. The longest is King Alfred's (849–899) 9th-century translation of Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy.[26]
